MANAGEMENT as a Career

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Rights and Duties of Bailor

DUTIES or RESPONSIBILITIES or LIABILITIES
of the BAILOR :-
Following are the important duties and
liabilities of the bailor :
1. Explain the Defect :-
It is the basic duty of the bailor that he should
disclose all the defects of the goods before
delivering to bailee. If the bailor does not
disclose then he himself will be responsible for
loss.
Example :- Mr. Wands hires a car from Mr.
Zane. Car is defective. Mr. Zane does not
disclose facts that car is defective. Mr. Wands
drives a car and he is injured. Mr. Zane is
responsible to Mr. Wands for damage.
2. Warning to the Bailee :-
If a bailor feels that bailee is showing
carelessness and goods are in danger. He
should give warning to the bailee.
3. Payment of Necessary Expenses :-
It is the duty of the bailor that he should also
pay necessary expenses sustained by the bailee
connection with the bailment.
4. To Indemnify The Bailee :-
It is the duty of the bailor that he should
compensate the loss of bailed which he has
suffered due any one of the following reasons :
a. The bailor was not entitled to make the
bailment.
b. The bailor was not entitled to give direction
in this respect.
c. The bailor was not entitled to receive back
the goods.
IMPORTANT RIGHTS OF BAILOR :-
Following are the important rights of bailor :
1. Right of Return :-
As the purpose of bailment completes bailor
has a right to take back the goods bailed. If
bailee fails to return then bailor has a right to
claim for compensation.
2. Return Before Time :-
With the consent of the bailee the bailor may
return his goods before the specified period.
3. Right of Termination :-
The contract of the bailment can be terminated
by the bailor if the goods bailed are misused
or against the conditions of the contract.
4. Right of Profit :-
The bailor has right to get profit from the
goods bailed according the conditions of the
contract.
5. Gratuitous Good Right Of Return :-
In case of gratuitous bailment the bailor has a
right to terminate the contract at any time. If
bailee cause a loss it may be compensated to
the bailor.

Essentials of a Bailment

1. There should be a contract:

A bailment is based on a contract, i.e., it is
created by a contract. The contract of bailment
may be express or implied. In some cases e.g.,
in case of finder of goods, a contract of
bailment can be implied by law.

2. Delivery of goods by one person to
another:

In bailment, there must be delivery of goods
by one person to another. However, the word,
'delivery' is very wide. It may be actual or
constructive.
It should be noted that in bailment, only
possession of the goods passes from one
person to another. Possession means control
of goods to the exclusion of others. Mere
custody of goods as against possession is not
sufficient. For example, a master while giving
his goods to his servant retains the possession
with him and parts only with the custody of
the goods.
Thus to create bailment, there must be delivery
of goods.

Examples:

(1) A delivers his watch to a watch-maker for
repair.

(2) A lady handed over her old jewellery to a
jeweler for melting and making it into a new
one. Every evening, she used to collect the
half-made jewellery and put in into a box kept
in the shop of the jeweler. She used to keep
the key of the box with her.
One day the box was stolen. Held, the jeweler
was not liable as the jeweler had re-delivered
the jewellery to the lady and as such, the
jeweler could not any more be regarded as a
bailee. The lady must bear the loss herself.
[Kaliaperumal Pillai v. Visolakshmi]
It should be noted that in bailment, only the
possession of the goods is transferred not the
ownership. Again, only movable goods can be
bailed as immovable goods cannot be
delivered.

3. The goods are delivered for certain
purpose:

The purpose may vary from safe-keeping or
safe custody to repairing or changing the form
of the goods.

Examples:

(1) A leaves his suit-case with a Railway Cloak
Room for safe custody.

(2) A gives his watch for repair to a watch-
maker.

(3) A gives a piece of cloth to a tailor for
stitching it into a shirt.

4. The same goods must be returned:

For a transaction of bailment, it is necessary
that the same goods must be returned.
Where money is deposited in a savings bank
account or any other account, it is not a
transaction of bailment because the bank is
not going to return the same currency notes
but will return only an equivalent amount.
However, where money or valuables are kept
in safe custody, it will amount to a transaction
of bailment as these will be returned in specie.
It should be noted that return of goods in
specie does not mean that their form cannot
change.

For example, old ornaments can be
changed into new one. A piece of cloth can be
stitched into a shirt.

Consideration is not necessary in case of
Contract of Bailment :

In case of bailment for mutual benefit of the
bailor and bailee, consideration is there for
both the parties e.g., A gives his watch for
repair to B for Rs. 10. For A, consideration is
repair of his watch and for B, consideration is
Rs. 10. However, in case of bailment either for
the benefit of the bailor or bailee alone,
consideration in the form of something in
return is not there. In such cases the
detriment suffered by the bailor in parting
with the possession of goods is considered as a
sufficient consideration to support the promise
on the part of the bailee to return the goods.

Bailment

Bailment describes a legal relationship in
common law where physical possession of
personal property, or a chattel, is transferred
from one person (the 'bailor') to another
person (the 'bailee') who subsequently has
possession of the property. It arises when a
person gives property to someone else for
safekeeping, and is a cause of action
independent of contract or tort.
General
Bailment is distinguished from a contract of
sale or a gift of property, as it only involves
the transfer of possession and not its
ownership . To create a bailment, the bailee
must both intend to possess, and actually
physically possess, the bailable chattel.
Bailment is a typical common law concept
although similar concepts exists in civil law
(Spain- Depósito).
In addition, unlike a lease or rental, where
ownership remains with the lessor but the
lessee is allowed to use the property, the
bailee is generally not entitled to the use of
the property while it is in his possession.
A common example of bailment is leaving your
car with a valet . Leaving your car in a parking
garage is typically a license , as the car park's
intent to possess your car cannot be shown.
However, it arises in many other situations,
including terminated leases of property,
warehousing (including store-it-yourself) or in
carriage of goods.

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TCI

Trumboo Group of Industries
Srinagar
started their operation in 1952 and at present
the group is engaged in the following business.
Cement Manufacturing
Roller Flour Mills
Real Estate Projects
Horticulture
Tourism
Textiles
The group is professionally managed private
company and is running by the board of
directors. The names and qualifications of the
directors are indicated below.
Mohammad Shafi Trumboo
Chairman
Graduate
Mushtaq Ahmad Trumboo
Managing Director
BA, LLB
Ashfaq Ahmad Trumboo
Director
Graduate
TCIMAX’s brand name is synonymous with
cement and enjoys a high level of equity in the
Jammu and Kashmir market. Our range of
cements and blended cements is marketed
through a network in all the regions of the
Jammu and Kashmir through our Sales Units,
Area Offices, and warehouses.
Social Cause
TCIMAX regularly contributes towards
upliftment of the socially weak sector living in
the surrounding villages. TCIMAX also provides
cement on concessional basis to the local
villages.
Environment
We are having the state of the art modern
pollution control equipment’s, like Reverse Air
Bag House (RABH), ESP and various high
efficiency bag dust collectors have been
installed in all the sections of the plant. All
pollution control equipment’s in the plant have
been supplied by THERMAX Limited. Besides
this online dust monitoring system has been
installed to continuously check dust emission
levels during plant operation.
Plantation
Plantation drive has been carried on the
annual basis.

CEMENT MANUFACTURING

Cement-making process (Credits: Eureka)
Step 1: extraction of raw materials
The raw materials needed to produce cement
(calcium carbonate, silica, alumina and iron
ore) are generally extracted from limestone
rock, chalk, shale or clay. These raw materials
are won from the quarry either by extraction
or through blasting. These naturally occuring
minerals are then crushed through a milling
process. At this stage, additional minerals are
added to ensure the correct chemical
composition to make cement is in place. These
minerals can be obtained from waste or by-
products of other industries, such as paper
ash. After milling, the raw meal (as it is
known) is transported to the plant where it is
stored.
CO2 and cement
Open
Step 2: raw grinding and burning
Grinding produces a fine powder, known as
raw meal, which is preheated and then sent to
the kiln. The kiln is at the heart of the
manufacturing process. Once inside the kiln,
the raw meal is heated to around 1,500°C - it
is of a similar temperature to molten lava. At
this temperature, chemical reactions take place
to form cement clinker, containing hydraulic
calcium silicates.
In order to heat the materials to this very high
temperature, a 2,000°C flame is required,
which can be produced through the use of
fossil and waste-derived fuels. The kiln itself is
angled by 3° to the horizontal to allow the
material to pass through it, over a period of
between 20-30 minutes.
Upon exiting, the clinker is cooled and stored
ready for grinding to produce cement.
Industrial ecology in the UK
Inside a kiln
Step 3: cement grinding and shipping
A small amount of gypsum (3-5%) is added to
the clinker to regulate how the cement will set.
The mixture is then very finely ground to
obtain ‘pure cement'. During this phase,
different mineral materials, called ‘additions',
may be added alongside the gypsum. Used in
varying proportions, these additions, which are
of natural or industrial origin, give the cement
specific properties such as reduced
permeability, greater resistance to sulfates and
aggressive environments, improved
workability, or higher-quality finishes.
Finally, the cement is stored in silos before
being shipped in bulk or in bags to the sites
where it will be used.

Discharge Of Surety

When the liability of the surety is
extinguished, he is said to be
discharged; A surety may be
discharged:
(i) By revocation.
(ii) By the act or conduct of the
creditor.
(iii) By invalidation of the contract
of guarantee.
I. Discharge of surety by
revocation:
(a) Revocation by notice (Sec.
130):
A continuing guarantee may, at
any time, be revoked by the
surety, as to future transactions,
by notice to the creditor. But a
specific guarantee cannot be
revoked if the creditor has given
the loan.
(b) Revocation by death (Sec.
131):
The death of the surety operates,
in the absence of any contract to
contrary, as a revocation of
continuing guarantee for future
transactions. The estate of the
deceased surety will not be liable
for any transactions entered
between the creditor and the
principal-debtor even if the
creditor has no notice of death. In
case the parties have agreed to a
notice of surety's death, then
notice of death will be necessary.
Under English Law also, notice of
surety's death is necessary.
(c) Discharge of surety by
novation (Sec. 62):
A contract of guarantee is a
species of the general contract. As
such, a contract of guarantee is
discharged by novation, i.e., by
substituting a new contract in
place of the old one. The original
contract is discharged.
II. Discharge of surety by the
act or conduct of the creditor:
1. By variation in terms of
contract (Sec. 133):
Any variance made without the
surety's consent, in the terms of
the contract between the
principal-debtor and the creditor,
discharges the surety as to
transactions subsequent to the
variance.
Example:
A becomes surety to C for B's
conduct as a manager in C's Bank.
Afterwards, B and C contract,
without A's consent that B's
salary shall be raised and that he
shall become liable for one-fourth
of the losses on over-drafts. B
allows a customer to overdraw,
and the bank loses a sum of
money. A is discharged from his
surety-ship by the variation made
without his consent and is not
liable to make good the loss.
It should be noted that variation
discharges the surety in respect of
transactions which take place
after the variation. Therefore, he
continues to be liable for the
transactions which were entered
before the variation took place.
2. By release or discharge of
principal-debtor (Sec. 134):
A surety is discharged by any
contract between the creditor and
the principal-debtor by which the
principal debtor is released or by
an act or omission of the creditor,
the legal consequence of which is
the discharge of the principal-
debtor.
Example:
A contracts with B for a fixed price
to build a house for B within a
month, B supplying the necessary
timber. C guarantees A's
performance of the contract. B
fails to supply the timber. C is
discharged from his surety-ship.
Exceptions:
In the following cases, the surety
is not discharged:
(i) Death: Death of the principal-
debtor does not discharge the
surety from his liability.
(ii) Insolvency: Similarly,
insolvency of the principal debtor
does not discharge the surety.
(iii) Omission to sue within the
period of limitation:
The omission of the creditor to
sue within the period of limitation
does not discharge the surety.
Example:
B owes to C a debt guaranteed by
A. The debt becomes payable. C
does not sue B for more than 3
years after the debt has become
payable. Although the debt has
become time-barred, yet the
surety is not discharged from his
liability as surety.
(iv) Release of one of the co-
sureties (Sec. 138):
In case there are co-sureties, a
release of one of them by the
creditor does not discharge the
other; neither does it free a
surety so released from his
responsibility to other co-sureties.
3. By compounding by the
creditor with the principal
debtor (Sec. 138):
A contract between the creditor
and the principal debtor by which
the creditor makes a composition
with, or promises to give time to
or not to sue, the principal-
debtor, discharges the surety,
unless such contract is made with
the consent of the surety.
It should be noted that the surety
is discharged only if the contract
to give time to principal- debtor is
made by the creditor with the
principal-debtor. Therefore, if a
contract is made with a third
party, the surety is not discharged
(Sec. 136).
Example:
C, the holder of an overdue bill of
exchange drawn by A as surety for
B, and accepted by B, contracts
with C to give time to B. A is not
discharged.
4. By creditor's act or omission
impairing surety's eventual
remedy (Sec. 139):
In case the creditor does any act
which is inconsistent with the
rights of the surety, or omits to
do any act which his duty to the
surety requires him to do, and the
eventual remedy of the surety
himself against the principal-
debtor is thereby impaired, the
surety is discharged.
Examples:
(1) B contracts to build a ship for
C for a sum of 2 lakh rupees, to
be paid by installment as the work
reaches certain stages. A
guarantees B's performance to C.
C without the knowledge of A, pre-
pays the last two installments
without the work being completed.
A is discharged by the pre-
payment.
(2) A employs B as a cashier on
the guarantee of C. A promises to
check up the cash of the cashier
at least once a month. He does
not check the cash for 2 months.
The cashier misappropriates the
funds, C is not liable to A on his
guarantee.
It should be noted that the failure
of the creditor to sue the
principal-debtor within the period
of limitation does not discharge
the surety.
5. By loss of surety (Sec. 141):
If the creditor loses, or without
the consent of the surety, parts
with any security given at the time
of contract, the surety is
discharged to the extent of the
value of the security.
It should be noted that the surety
will be discharged only when he
parts with any security given at
the time of contract. He is not
discharged when he parts with
any security given after the
contract of guarantee is made.
Examples:
(1) A advances to B Rs. 2,000 on
the guarantee of C. A also has an
additional security for the Rs.
2,000 by a mortgage of B's
furniture. A cancels the mortgage,
thereby returns the furniture to B.
B becomes insolvent and is unable
to pay anything. C is discharged
from his liability to the extent of
the value of the security
(furniture).
(2) A gives a loan to B on the
security of C. Afterwards, A
obtains B's scooter as a further
security. Subsequently, A gives up
the further security, i.e., returns
the scooter to B. In this case, C is
not discharged to the extent of
the value of the security as the
further security was given after
the loan had already been given.
III. Discharge of Surety by
Invalidation of the Contract :
(i) By obtaining guarantee by
misrepresentation (Sec. 142):
Any guarantee which has been
obtained by means of
misrepresentation made by the
creditor, or with his knowledge
and assent, concerning a material
part of the transaction, is invalid.
(ii) By obtaining guarantee by
concealment (Sec. 143):
Any guarantee which the creditor
has obtained by means of keeping
silence as to the material facts of
circumstances is invalid.
Example:
A engaged B as a cashier. B
misappropriates some cash.
Thereupon, A asks B to bring
some surety who can guarantee
his good conduct. C give his
guarantee for B's good conduct. A
does not inform C about B's
previous misconduct. B again
misappropriates cash. C is not
liable as a surety.
(iii) By the failure of the co-
surety to join (Sec. 144):
Where a person gives guarantee
upon a contract that the creditor
shall not act upon it until the
other co-surety has joined, the
guarantee is not valid if the other
person does not join.
Whether Failure of
Consideration between the
Creditor and Principal debtor
discharged the Surety :
It has already been discussed that
there is, no need of separate
consideration for a contract of
guarantee between the creditor
and surety. But there must be
consideration between the
creditor and the principal debtor.
Therefore, on the failure of such
consideration, surety will be
discharged from his liability.

Quality Improvement Tools. Link to Article with Diagrams

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/basic_quality_tools.htm

Quality Improvement Tools

Introduction:
Most of the organizations use
quality tools for various purposes
related to controlling and assuring
quality.
Although there are a good number
of quality tools specific to certain
domains, fields, and practices,
some of the quality tools can be
used across such domains. These
quality tools are quite generic and
can be applied to any condition.
There are seven basic quality tools
used in organizations. These tools
can provide much information
about problems in the
organization assisting to derive
solutions for the same.
A number of these quality tools
come with a price tag. A brief
training, mostly a self-training, is
sufficient for someone to start
using the tools.
Let's have a look at the seven
basic quality tools in brief.
1. Flow Charts
This is one of the basic quality
tools that can be used for
analyzing a sequence of events.
The tool maps out a sequence of
events that take place sequentially
or in parallel. The flow chart can
be used to understand a complex
process in order to find the
relationships and dependencies
between events.
You can also get a brief idea about
the critical path of the process
and the events involved in the
critical path.
Flow charts can be used for any
field and to illustrate events
involving processes of any
complexity. There are specific
software tools developed for
drawing flow charts, such as MS
Visio.
You will be able to freely download
some of the open source flow
chart tools developed by the open
source community.
2. Histogram
Histogram is used for illustrating
the frequency and the extent in
the context of two variables.
Histogram is a chart with
columns. This represents the
distribution by mean. If the
histogram is normal, the graph
takes the shape of a bell curve.
If it is not normal, it may take
different shapes based on the
condition of the distribution.
Histogram can be used to
measure something against
another thing. Always, it should be
two variables.
Consider the following example:
The following histogram shows
morning attendance of a class.
The .x. axis is the number of
students and the .y. axis the time
of the day.
3. Cause and Effect Diagram
Cause and effect diagrams
(Ishikawa Diagram) are used for
understanding organizational or
business problem causes.
Organizations face problems
everyday and it is required to
understand the causes of these
problems in order to solve them
effectively. Cause and effect
diagrams exercise is usually a
team work.
A brainstorming session is
required in order to come up with
an effective cause and effect
diagram.
All the main components of a
problem area are listed and
possible causes from each area is
listed.
Then, most likely causes of the
problems are identified to carry
out further analysis.
4. Check Sheet
A check sheet can be introduced
as the most basic tool for quality.
A check sheet is basically used for
gathering and organizing data.
When this is done with the help of
software packages such as
Microsoft Excel, you can derive
further analysis graphs and
automate through macros
available.
Therefore, it is always a good idea
to use a software check sheet for
information gathering and
organizing needs.
One can always use a paper based
check sheet when the information
gathered is only used for backup
or storing purposes other than
further processing.
5. Scatter Diagram
When it comes to the values of
two variables, scatter diagrams
are the best way to present.
Scatter diagrams present the
relationship between two variables
and illustrate the results on a
Cartesian plain.
Then, further analysis, such as
trend analysis can be performed
on the values.
In these diagrams, one variable
denotes one axis and another
variable denotes the other axis.
6. Control Charts
Control chart is the best tool for
monitoring the performance of a
process. These types of charts can
be used for monitoring any
processes related to function of
the organization.
These charts allow you to identify
the following conditions related to
the process that has been
monitored.
Stability of the process
Predictability of the process
Identification common cause
of variation
Special conditions where the
monitoring party needs to
react
7. Pareto Charts
Pareto charts are used for
identifying a set of priorities. You
can chart any number of issues/
variables related to a specific
concern and record the number of
occurrences.
This way you can figure out the
parameters that have the highest
impact on the specific concern.
This helps you to work on the
propriety issues in order to get
the condition under control.
Conclusion
Above seven basic quality tools
help you to address different
concerns in an organization.
Therefore, use of such tools
should be a basic practice in the
organization in order to enhance
the efficiency.
Trainings on these tools should be
included in the organizational
orientation program, so all the
staff members get to learn these
basic tools.

Rights of Surety

Rights of Surety

Rights of Surety can be classified into three
groups, as follows;

1. Rights against Principal debtor.
2. Rights against Creditor.
3. Rights against Co-Sureties.

Rights against Principal Debtor

Right to give Notice: When
ever creditor comes to surety,
for the purpose of seeking
payment, surety can give a
notice to principal debtor to
settle the debt.

Rights of Sub-rogation: Sub
rogation is a process where
rights will get shifted from one
person to the other. If surety
makes payment to creditor,
surety gets all rights of
creditor by sub-rogation and
from then onwards surety can
behave like a creditor.

Right of Indemnity: Principal
of indemnity operates between
principal debtor and surety
where principal debtor
becomes implied indemnifier
and surety becomes implied
indemnity holder. Therefore,
surety can make principal
debtor answerable for all
sufferings.

Right to get Securities: In
case where surety makes
payment to creditor, surety
has right to get the securities
given by principal debtor to
creditor.

Right to ask for Relief: From
the date of guarantee, besides
creditor, surety also can bring
pressure on principal debtor
in connection with settlement
of debt.

Rights against Creditor

Right to get Securities: If
Surety makes payment to
creditor, surety can get all
securities into his possession
from creditor.

Right to ask for Set-off:
Surety can give advice to
creditor to sell away the
security and to utilize the
amount thus realized for set
off.

Rights of Sub-rogation: When
ever surety makes payment to
creditor, creditor foregoes or
looses all of his rights in his
capacity as creditor and those
rights will be attained by
surety.

Right to advice to Sue
Principal Debtor: Surety has
right to give advice to creditor
to proceed legally against
principal debtor for the
purpose of recovering the
amount.

Right to insist on
Termination of Services: In
case where guarantee is with
regard to conduct of an
employee, surety can insist on
termination of services of
employee. Here employees
status is equal to that of
creditor and employee’s status
is equal to that of principal
debtor.

Rights against Co-Sureties

Right to ask for
Contribution: Surety can ask
his co-sureties to contribute
the amount when principal
debtor comes across default.
If they have given guarantee
for equal amounts, they have
to contribute equally. In case
where guarantee is given for in
equal amounts, the mode of
contribution differs from
England law to Indian law. As
per England law contribution
is to be made in the ratio of
guarantee amounts. But as per
Indian law the deficit amount
is to be distributed to all
sureties equally and every
surety will contribute share of
deficit or guarantee amount
which ever is less.

Right to claim Share in
Securities: When co-Sureties
make payment to creditor,
they get securities from
creditors procession. Then
every surety can claim his
share in those securities.

Quality, Quality Management: Meaning and Concepts, Quality characteristics of Products and Services

Definition of 'Quality Management'

The act of overseeing all activities and tasks
needed to maintain a desired level of
excellence. This includes creating and
implementing quality planning and assurance,
as well as quality control and quality
improvement. It is also referred to as total
quality management (TQM).

quality

Quality is important to businesses but can be
quite hard to define. A good definition of
quality is:
“Quality is about meeting the needs and
expectations of customers”
Customers want quality that is appropriate to
the price that they are prepared to pay and the
level of competition in the market.
Key aspects of quality for the customer
include:
Good design – looks and style
Good functionality – it does the job well
Reliable – acceptable level of breakdowns or
failure
Consistency
Durable – lasts as long as it should
Good after sales service
Value for money
‘Value for money’ is especially important,
because in most markets there is room for
products of different overall levels of quality,
and the customer must be satisfied that the
price fairly reflects the quality.

In manufacturing, a measure of excellence or a
state of being free from defects, deficiencies
and significant variations . It is brought about
by strict and consistent commitment to certain
standards that achieve uniformity of a product
in order to satisfy specific customer or user
requirements . ISO 8402-1986 standard defines
quality as "the totality of features and
characteristics of a product or service that
bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied
needs."

Drivers of Quality:

1-Customers.
In a customer-driven organization, quality
is established with a focus on satisfying or
exceeding the requirements, expectations,
needs, and preferences of customers.
Customer-driven quality is a common
culture within many organizations.
2-Products / Services:
A culture of product / service-driven
quality was popular in the early stages of
quality improvement. Conformance to
requirements and zero defect concepts
have roots in producing a product /
service that meets stated or documented
requirements.
In some cases, product / service
requirements originate from customer
requirements, thereby creating a common
link to customer-driven quality, but the
focus of the culture is on the quality of
the product/ service.
If the customer requirements is
accurately stated and designed into the
production / service delivery process,
then as long as the product / service meet
the requirements, the customer should be
satisfied. This approach is common in
supporting the ISO 9001-based quality
management system.
3- Employee Satisfaction:
This concept is that an organization takes
care of employee’s needs so that they can
be free to worry only about the customer.
Employee satisfaction is a primary
measure of success for this type of
organization.
4- Organizational focus:
Some organizations tend to focus on total
organizational quality while others are
quite successful at using a segmented
approach to implementing quality.

Why quality is important to a growing
business?

Good quality helps determine a firm’s success
in a number of ways:
Customer loyalty – they return, make
repeat purchases and recommend the
product or service to others.
Strong brand reputation for quality
Retailers want to stock the product
As the product is perceived to be better
value for money, it may command a
premium price and will become more price
inelastic
Fewer returns and replacements lead to
reduced costs
Attracting and retaining good staff

Concepts/Elements in Quality Management
Or
Quality Mgmt Plan

Quality Planning
Quality Assurance
Quality Control

Quality planning allows quality to be designed
into the deliverables of the project before the
first task has begun. It is therefore done
during the development phase of the project
life cycle. It may involve identifying standards
or best practices. Design of experiments is one
tool that identifies which variables will have
the most influence on the final quality of a
product.
Quality planning for GIS projects may include
several important aspects, some of which
overlap with those identified for information
technology projects, and some of which are
unique to GIS. For example, functionality is an
important aspect of many IT projects. If you
are customizing an mapping interface, you will
need to address similar questions of
functionality. If, however, you are creating
paper copies of maps for botanists to use as
they collect samples, functionality of how the
map will be used remains important.
Quality assurance is what must be done
during the actual tasks to ensure that the
standards identified during quality planning
are met. It is therefore done during the
implementation phase of the project life cycle.
There are several tools available for a project
manager to assure the quality of products. One
is quality audits , a structured review of
quality with an eye towards improving
performance. Another is benchmarking,
comparing methods or products with others of
recognized quality. Thus, a benchmark is not
something created in the project, but
something recognized by the project and used
for comparison with products or methods in
the project. Sometimes, benchmarks may be
recognized throughout an industry. Other
times, they may be identified uniquely for use
in one particular project.
Quality control is used to improve the quality
of products or methods by focusing on such
outputs as rework decisions, acceptance
decisions, and adjustment of processes. It is
also done during the implementation phase of
the project life cycle. Rework means that a
product does not meet standards, cannot be
provided to the end user as a deliverable, and
must have additional work done to it to bring
it up to standards. Acceptance means that the
product does meet standards and can be
provided to the end user as a deliverable.
Process adjustments are made to corrective
actions taken to the methodology in efforts to
increase acceptance and decrease rework.

Quality Characteristics of Goods and Services

Functionality, how well does it work.

Appearance, how is its look, feel, design, colour, etc

Reliability, how trustworthy is it.

Recovery, how well and how quickly may defects be rectified.

Durability - the total useful life of the product or service.

Examples of Quality Characteristics
For Products
Performance
Serviceability
Reliable
Reasonable Price
Ease of Use
Maintainability
Durability
Simplicity of Design
Aesthetics
Available
Safe
Ease of Disposal
For Service
Responsiveness
Credibility
Available
Reliable
Safe
Security
Competence
Understand the Customer
Accuracy
Completeness
Timeliness
Communication